About the word Kitab, Kufar etc..
Kitab=Recorded, Written, a Record, the written laws/rules. Kitab has signs showing who is god, examples to lead, moral stories. Moral laws, its to be taken as a criterion for people to lead.
In the common narrative and translations, the reference to kitab is meant to be simple as book with its verses,
but in the TheQuran, it really refers to the recorded signs or laws from God and to base our actions and guidance to follow, instead of acting in selfish desires.
The book we have can also be called as Kitab, but in almost in all verses in TheQuran it seems its referring either to the collection of signs or laws(Aayats) or the record thats kept with God, on the happenings, ie, who does what for the judgment.
Kafir = literally one who covers himself off or one who keeps himself away rejecting. So Kafir is one who do not accept the signs and laws of God that are recorded, so can refer to a criminal or one who does acts against laws.Mumin = one who believes in the kitabic signs and laws and use that as examples to lead.
Aayats are signs or laws to follow that are in the Kitab(book of signs or laws). But normally we are made to think that Aayat referred as verses of the book theQuran, but almost everywhere its the signs/laws.
Most verses we can see this, this is clear here.
2/85
Then, you are those [same ones who are] killing one another and evicting a party of your people from their homes, cooperating against them in sin and aggression. And if they come to you as captives, you ransom them, although their eviction was forbidden to you. So do you believe in part of the Scripture(kitab) and disbelieve in part? Then what is the recompense for those who do that among you except disgrace in worldly life; and on the Day of Resurrection they will be sent back to the severest of punishment. And Allāh is not unaware of what you do.It clearly talks about the law here, of punishing those who were killing others and driving away from homes,but some group leave them without punishing by favoring them?
2/89
And when there came to them a Book(kitab) from Allāh confirming that which was with them - although before they used to pray for victory against those who disbelieved(overcoming the trouble makers) - but [then] when there came to them that which they recognized, they disbelieved in it; so the curse of Allāh will be upon the disbelievers.This is related to the above 2/85 verse and talks about the hypocrisy of those people, when the same law applied to themselves over others.
3/7
It is He who has sent down to you,- , the Book; in it are verses [that are] precise - they are the foundation of the Book - and others unspecific. As for those in whose hearts is deviation [from truth], they will follow that of it which is unspecific, seeking discord and seeking an interpretation [suitable to them]. And no one knows its [true] interpretation except Allah. But those firm in knowledge say, "We believe in it. All [of it] is from our Lord." And no one will be reminded except those of understanding.
what are those are unspecific and precise verses here?, it should be signs or laws to follow.
I think its referring to the precise clear laws those people understood clearly why these were in practice and unspecified laws, that many cant understand initially, but asks to follow them and later will come to a clear understanding.
