Peace,
Admin please consider making this thread a sticky; perhaps I'll work on an online calculator.
Internet is filled with challenges to Qur'an inheritance:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkzLeE3GR0Ehttp://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Contra/i001.htmlNo agreement with different traditional islamic schools as with this calculator:
http://www.islamicsoftware.org/irth/irth.html mother, 1 sisterAllow reversion: 2/5 mother, 3/5 sister
No reversion: 1/3 mother, 1/2 sister, Islamic Treasury: 1/6
Confusion in earliest traditions: Al-Muwatta' of Imam Malik (163 AH)
http://www.sunnipath.com/Library/Hadith/H0001P0027.aspx 27.1 Inheritance of Direct DescendantsA) How much to give when they are
exactly two daughters?
2) They assume
فوق over اثنتين two or three+ also means two?
There is confusion with meanings of
إخوة ikh'watun and
الكلالة al-kalālati QuoteBook 011, Number 3937: , Abu Talha reported: 'Umar b. al-Khattab (Allah be please..
Abu Talha reported: 'Umar b. al-Khattab (Allah be pleased with him) delivered a sermon on Friday and made a mention of Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) and he also made a mention of Abu Bakr (Allah be pleased with him) and then said: I do not leave behind me any problem more difficult than that of Kalala. I did not refer to Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) more repeatedly than in case of the problem of Kalala, and he (the Holy Prophet) never showed more annoyance to me than in regard to this problem, so much so that he struck my chest with his fingers and said: 'Umar, does the verse revealed in summer season, at the end of Sura al-Nisa' not suffice you? Hadrat 'Umar (then) said: If I live I would give such verdict about (Kalala) that everyone would be able to decide whether he reads the Qur'an or he does not.
When asked simple questions like which amount to give the sister: 1/6 (4:12) or 1/2 (4:176)?
They say 4:12 refers to uterine siblings/half sisters and brothers having the same mother different father to resolve the issue which brought about other confusion when total distribution is greater than the whole and fix was to use algebra to proportionately increase/decrease each amount by a common denominator called al-awl as in this example:
husband, mother, 3 uterine brothers, 2 full brothers1/2 husband + 1/6 mother + 1/3 uterine brothers (4:12) = 0 full brothers (4:176)
The above was a supposed case during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab who ruled the 2 full brothers got nothing since there was nothing remaining to share. The full brothers argued that even if their father was a donkey or a stone cast into the sea and they had no paternal relationship, they still had the same and equal relationship with the deceased as the uterine brothers through the same mother. Umar reconsidered his ruling and allowed the full brothers to inherit equally with the uterine brothers in the shares thus:
1/2 husband + 1/6 mother + 1/3 brothers = 1
Which is incorrect according to Qur'an when there is a spouse siblings get nothing!
They resolve using algebra or al-Awl increase/decrease evenly all shares, example:
1 - 1/6x father - 1/6x mother - 1/4x husband - 1/2x daughter = 0
1 - 2/12x father - 2/12x mother - 3/12x husband - 6/12x daughters = 0
1 = 13/12x
12/13 = x use substitution...
1/6*12/13 = 2/13 father
1/6*12/13 = 2/13 mother
1/4*12/13 = 3/13 husband
2/4*12/13 = 6/13 daughter
Using
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra one can wrongly "fix" surplus/shortfall any combinations.
One of the issues has to do with
ولد walad child/son; it can also mean
ولد waladun child/born or offspring.http://www.studyquran.co.uk/PRLonline.htm Waw-Lam-Dal = to beget, give birth.
Here are the verses which if followed literally will give precise amounts without excess/shortfall.
4:11 يوصيكم directs you الله The God في in أولادكم your children للذكر to the male مثل like حظ share الأنثيين the two (feminine) فإن so if كن be نساء females فوق above اثنتين two (feminine) فلهن so for them ثلثا two thirds ما what ترك left وإن and if كانت she was واحدة one فلها so for her النصف the half ولأبويه and for their parents لكل to each واحد one منهما from them السدس the sixth مما from what ترك left إن if كان is له to person ولد walad/son فإن so if لم not يكن is له to person ولد waladun child/born وورثه and heirs أبواه person?s parents (if only parents) فلأمه so to his mother الثلث the third فإن so if كان is له to person إخوة ikh'watun brothers/siblings (at least one male present) فلأمه so to his mother السدس the sixth من from بعد after وصية a will يوصي have made بها in it أو or دين judgment آباؤكم your parents وأبناؤكم and your children لا not تدرون you know أيهم which of them أقرب closer لكم to you نفعا benefit فريضة obligation من from الله The God إن indeed الله The God كان is عليما Knowing حكيما Wise
4:12 ولكم and for you نصف half ما what ترك left أزواجكم your spouse?s إن if لم not يكن is لهن for them ولد waladun child/born فإن so if كان is لهن for them ولد walad/son فلكم so for you الربع the fourth مما from what تركن they left من from بعد after وصية a will يوصين they made بها in it أو or دين judgment ولهن and for them الربع the fourth مما from what تركتم you left إن if لم not يكن is لكم to you ولد waladun child/born فإن so if كان is لكم to you ولد walad/son فلهن so for them الثمن the eight مما from what تركتم you left من from بعد after وصية a will توصون you made بها in it أو or دين judgment وإن and if كان is رجل a man يورث inherited كلالة kalālatan (fatherless spouseless) أو or امرأة woman وله and has أخ a brother أو or أخت sister فلكل so for each واحد one منهما from them السدس the sixth فإن so if كانوا they were أكثر more من from ذلك that فه so they مشركاء partners في in الثلث the third من from بعد after وصية a will يوصى is recommended بها in it أو or دين judgment غير not مضار harmful وصية a will من from الله The God والله and The God عليم Knowing حليم Forbearing
4:176 يستفتونك they seek your ruling قل say الله The God يفتيكم gives you a ruling في in الكلالة al-kalālati (the fatherless spouseless) إن if امرؤ a person هلك died ليس is not له to that person ولد waladun child/born وله and has أخت sister فلها so for her نصف half ما what ترك left وهو and he يرثها inherits it إن if لم not يكن is لها to her ولد waladun child/born فإن so if كانتا were اثنتين two (feminine) فلهما so to them الثلثان the two thirds مما from what ترك left وإن and if كانوا they were إخوة ikh'watun brothers/siblings رجالا men/males ونساء and females فللذكر so to the male مثل like حظ share الأنثيين the two (feminine) يبين clarifies الله The God لكم to you أن lest تضلوا you stray والله and The God بكل in every شيء a thing عليم Knowing Pay careful attention to see 4:11 kalala no son; 4:12 kalala with son; 4:176 the kalala no child/born.
Here are all combinations and obviously a sole inheritor gets the whole no need for distribution laws.
1 = mother
1 = father
1 = spouse
1 = daughter/s
1 = son/s
1 = sister/s
1 = brother/s
4:11 يوصيكم directs you الله The God في in أولادكم your children للذكر to the male مثل like حظ share الأنثيين the two (feminine)son/s, daughter/s: distribute 2:1 ratio male to female
mother/father, son/s: 1/6 5/6
mother/father, 1 daughter : 1/2 1/2 no son, mother/father variable
mother/father, 2 daughters: 1/3 2/3 (2 daughters variable) all share equally
mother/father, 3 daughters: 1/3 2/3
mother, father : 1/3 2/3
mother, brother/s: 1/6 5/6
mother/father, husband: 1/2 1/2
mother/father, wife : 3/4 1/4
father, sibling/s : 1 0 not kalala has father
husband/wife, sibling/s: 1 0 not kalala has spouse
husband/wife, 1 daughter : 1/2 1/2 not childless; no son; husband/wife variable
husband/wife, 2 daughters: 1/3 2/3
husband/wife, 3 daughters: 1/3 2/3
husband, son/s: 1/4 3/4
mother, father, husband: 1/4 1/4 1/2
mother, father, wife : 3/8 3/8 1/4
mother, father, 1 daughter : 1/4 1/4 1/2
mother, father, 2 daughters: 1/4 1/4 1/2
mother, father, 3 daughters: 1/6 1/6 2/3
mother, father, son/s: 1/6 1/6 2/3
mother, husband/wife, 1 daughters: 1/4 1/4 1/2
mother, husband/wife, 2 daughters: 1/4 1/4 1/2
mother, husband/wife, 3 daughters: 1/6 1/6 2/3
mother, husband, son/s: 1/6 1/4 7/12
mother, wife, son/s : 1/6 1/8 17/24
father, husband/wife, 1 daughter : 1/4 1/4 1/2
father, husband/wife, 2 daughters: 1/4 1/4 1/2
father, husband/wife, 3 daughters: 1/6 1/6 2/3
father, husband, son/s: 1/6 1/4 7/12
father, wife, son/s : 1/6 1/8 17/24
father, daughter/s, son/s : 1/6 5/6 children 2:1 ratio
husband, daughter/s, son/s: 1/4 3/4 children 2:1 ratio
mother, father, husband/wife, 1 daughter : 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/2
mother, father, husband/wife, 2 daughters: 1/5 1/5 1/5 2/5
mother, father, husband/wife, 3 daughters: 1/9 1/9 1/9 2/3
mother, father, husband, son/s: 1/6 1/6 1/4 5/12
mother, father, wife, son/s : 1/6 1/6 1/8 13/24
mother, husband, daughter/s, son/s: 1/6 1/4 7/12 children 2:1 ratio
mother, wife, daughter/s, son/s : 1/6 1/8 17/24 children 2:1 ratio
father, husband, daughter/s, son/s: 1/6 1/4 7/12 children 2:1 ratio
father, wife, daughter/s, son/s: 1/6 1/8 17/24 children 2:1 ratio
mother, father, husband, daughter/s, son/s: 1/6 1/6 1/4 5/12 children 2:1 ratio
mother, father, wife, daughter/s, son/s: 1/6 1/6 1/8 13/24 children 2:1 ratio
mother, father, daughter/s, son/s: 1/6 1/6 2/3 children 2:1 ratio
4:11 kalala fatherless spouseless no son (sibling/s variable)mother, 1 daughter, sister/s : 1/4 1/2 1/4
mother, 1 daughter, brother/s: 1/6 1/2 1/3
mother, 1 daughter, sister/s, brother/s: 1/6 1/2 1/3 siblings share equally
mother, 2 daughters, sister/s: 1/4 1/2, 1/4 each 1/4 1/4
mother, 2 daughters, brother/s: 1/6 5/6 daughters siblings share equally
mother, 2 daughters, sister/s, brother/s: 1/6 5/6 daughters siblings share equally
mother, 3 daughters, sister/s : 1/6 2/3 1/6
mother, 3 daughters, brother/s: 1/6 2/3 1/6
mother, 3 daughters, sister/s, brother/s: 1/6 2/3 1/3 siblings share equally
1 daughter, sister/s : 1/2 1/2
1 daughter, brother/s: 1/2 1/2
1 daughter, sister/s, brother/s: 1/2 1/2 siblings share equally
2 daughters, sister/s : daughters siblings share equally
2 daughters, brother/s: daughters siblings share equally
2 daughters, sister/s, brother/s: daughters siblings share equally
3 daughters, sister/s : 2/3, 2/9 each 1/3
3 daughters, brother/s: 2/3, 2/9 each 1/3
3 daughters, sister/s, brother/s: 2/3 1/3 siblings share equally
4:12 kalala fatherless spouseless has son (sibling/s fixed 1/6 or 1/3)son/s, sister : 5/6 1/6
son/s, brother: 5/6 1/6
son/s, sisters: 5/6 1/3
son/s, brothers:5/6 1/3
son/s, sister/s, brother/s: 2/3 1/3 siblings share equally
daughter/s, son/s, sister : 5/6 children 2:1 ratio 1/6
daughter/s, son/s, brother: 5/6 children 2:1 ratio 1/6
daughter/s, son/s, sisters: 2/3 children 2:1 ratio 1/3
daughter/s, son/s, brothers:2/3 children 2:1 ratio 1/3
daughter/s, son/s, sister/s, brother/s: 2/3 children 2:1 ratio 1/3 siblings share equally
mother, son/s, sister : 1/6 2/3 1/6
mother, son/s, brother: 1/6 2/3 1/6
mother, son/s, sisters: 1/6 1/2 1/3
mother, son/s, brothers:1/6 1/2 1/3
mother, son/s, sister/s, brother/s: 1/6 1/2 1/3 siblings share equally
mother, daughter/s, son/s, sister : 1/6 2/3 children 2:1 ratio 1/6
mother, daughter/s, son/s, brother: 1/6 2/3 children 2:1 ratio 1/6
mother, daughter/s, son/s, sisters: 1/6 1/2 children 2:1 ratio 1/3
mother, daughter/s, son/s, brothers:1/6 1/2 children 2:1 ratio 1/3
mother, daughter/s, son/s, sister/s, brother/s: 1/6 1/2 children 2:1 ratio 1/3 siblings share equally
4:176 kalala fatherless spouseless no child/bornsister/s, brother/s: 2:1 ratio male to female
mother, sister/s, brother/s: 1/6 5/6 siblings 2:1 ratio
mother, 1 sister : 1/2 1/2
mother, 2 sisters: 1/3 2/3
mother, 3 sisters: 1/4 3/4 unstated/variable distribute equally
4:176... يبين clarifies الله The God لكم to you أن lest تضلوا you stray والله and The God بكل in every شيء a thing عليم Knowing