In terms of Arabia-region, almost no written sources exist pre-Quran, but from post-Quran sources, some say the Arabs fasted for various things to atone, and in the month of Rajab (a holy month, apparently). Christians had Lent, Jews e.g. Ashura/Asora. Not sure about timings however.
However, during certain times of year, festivals/fairs were held, so this could also be an avenue to explore.
From:
http://free-minds.org/forum/index.php?topic=9597976.90Quote from: wakas
I only read up on "hagg sukot" (Feast of Tabernacles) today and it seems its core aspects are very similar to HJJ of AQ:
http://www.wildolive.co.uk/sukot.htm
The word "tabernacles" come from tents, which implies travel and likely to certain location for a festival/feast/gathering. The timing seems similar. They also remember God, utilise/celebrate the Torah, spread the message, and it is open for all nations apparently. It also talks about representatives.
Quote from: aymanYes the timing of Hagg Sukot coincides with the fourth full-moon after the summer solstice (the last of the four inviolable full-moons). If you look at the essence of Hagg Sukot beyond the manmade rituals, it is essentially a harvest feast to eat and feed others and thank the god for the harvest. As you noted, probably the tents are remenants pointing to both the travel aspect and the need to accomodate the masses coming to the inviolable house.
Also, 10 days of abstinence seems to be what the earliest "muslims" did, even according to Traditional Islamic sources.